Solar energy and photovoltaic cells
Solar energy and photovoltaic cells are two concepts that go hand in hand, because to produce photovoltaic solar energy we need photovoltaic cells.
Photovoltaic solar energy is that obtained by transforming sunlight into electricity using a technology based on the photoelectric effect.
Solar energy and photovoltaic cells
It is considered renewable, inexhaustible and non-polluting energy that can be produced in installations ranging from small generators for self-consumption to large photovoltaic plants.
Photovoltaic solar energy consists of the direct transformation of sunlight (photons) into electrical energy. This type of energy is often referred to directly as photovoltaic energy.
This transformation in electrical energy is achieved by taking advantage of the properties of semiconductor materials such as silicon through photovoltaic cells. The base material for the manufacture of photovoltaic panels is usually silicon.
When sunlight (photons) hits one of the faces of the solar cell, it generates an electric current. This electricity generation can be used as an energy source.
The manufacture of photovoltaic cells is a costly process, both economically and in time. The silica with which photovoltaic cells are manufactured is a very abundant material on Earth. However, the processing of silicon is laborious and complicated.
By means of very complicated processes, silicon ingots are made. Subsequently, these wafers (photovoltaic cells) will be cut from these silicon ingots.
Another source for obtaining silicon is the recycling of the electronics industry.
At present, other higher performance materials are being prepared.
It is important that all the cells that make up a solar photovoltaic panel have the same characteristics. After the manufacture of the photovoltaic cells , it is necessary to follow a process of classification and selection.
Efficiency of photovoltaic energy
Depending on the construction, the photovoltaic modules can produce electricity from a specific range of light frequencies, but in general it can not cover the entire solar range (in particular, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffuse light). Therefore, much of the energy of the incident sunlight is not used by the solar panels , which could give much higher efficiencies if it is illuminated with monochromatic light.
Therefore, another design concept is to divide the light into different wavelengths and direct the beams in different cells tuned to these ranges. This has been projected to be able to increase efficiency by 50%. Scientists from Spectrolab, a subsidiary of Boeing, reported the development of multi-union solar cells with an efficiency of more than 40%, a new world record for photovoltaic solar cells.
Spectrolab scientists also predict that concentrating solar cells could reach efficiencies of more than 45% or even 50% in the future, with theoretical efficiencies of around 58% in cells with more than three junctions.
Currently, the best rate of conversion of sunlight into photovoltaic energy in new commercial products achieves an efficiency of the solar module of around 21.5%.
Applications of photovoltaic solar energy
The main application of a photovoltaic solar energy installation is the production of electrical energy from solar radiation .
Energy production can be large-scale for general or small-scale consumption for consumption in small dwellings, mountain shelters or isolated sites.
Mainly differentiate two types of photovoltaic installations:
- Photovoltaic installations for grid connection, where the energy produced is used entirely for sale to the distribution network.
- Photovoltaic installations isolated from the grid, which are used for self-consumption, be it an isolated dwelling, a telecommunication relay station, water pumping for irrigation, etc.
Within the applications of photovoltaic energy not connected to the grid we find in many areas of daily life. Photovoltaic energy is used in small devices such as calculators, as for street lighting in certain areas, to power electric motors and even cars and airplanes have been developed that work exclusively by taking advantage of solar radiation as an energy source.
Within the photovoltaic installations connected to the network there are solar photovoltaic power plants. A photovoltaic power plant, also a solar park, is a large power generation plant, designed for the sale of its production to the electricity grid. It is also known as a solar farm, especially if it is located in agricultural areas.
History of photovoltaic energy
The photovoltaic energy generated with the photovoltaic effect was recognized for the first time in 1839 by the French physicist Becquerel. However, it was not until 1883 that the first solar cell was built by Charles Fritts with an efficiency of 1%. During the first half of the 20th century there were several improvements to increase its efficiency .
In 1946, Russel Ohl patented the modern union between semiconductor materials that is currently used. But the most important technological breakthrough came in 1954 when Bell Laboratories, experimenting with semiconductors, developed the first photovoltaic cell of silicon , with a yield of 4.5%.
What are photovoltaic cells?
A photovoltaic cell is an electronic device that allows transforming the energy of light into electricity through the photovoltaic effect . It can also be called photocell or photoelectric cell .
Technically, what interests us about light is the photons . The photons are present in all types of light but that we find most interesting is the one that comes from the sun , the solar radiation .
The photovoltaic cell is , therefore, an essential element for the development of photovoltaic solar energy .
Characteristics of photovoltaic cells
Compounds of a material that has a photoelectric effect (for example, silicon ) absorb photons of light and emit electrons through the so-called photoelectric effect. When these free electrons are captured, the result is an electric current that can be used as electricity .
The photo of several photoelectric cells form a photovoltaic panel . A photovoltaic solar panel consists of a network of solar cells connected in series circuit to increase the output voltage. At the same time, several networks are connected in parallel circuit to increase the electric current that is able to provide the device.
The type of electric current provided by a photovoltaic panel is direct current .
Efficiency of photoelectric cells
The average conversion efficiency obtained by commercially available cells produced from monocrystalline silicon is lower than the efficiency of multilayer cells, usually Gali arsenide.
Currently there are also new technologies in the production of solar panels that do not use silicon , for example with cadmium telluride semiconductors, gallium arsenide and indium copper diseleniur.
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