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LA POTENCIA DE UN PANEL FOTOVOLTAICO

EN ESTE ARTÌCULO TRATAREMOS DE ECHAR UN VISTAZO A LA POTENCIA DE UN PANEL FOTOVOLTAICO,DICHO DE OTRA MANERA VEREMOS CUAL ES LA POTENCIA DE SALIDA DE UN PANEL SOLAR.

Los distintos tipos de paneles solares se instalan en su hogar para producir electricidad, si ésta instalación la realiza usted mismo debe saber que existe cade simu, un simulador de circuitos eléctricos que lo ayuda a diseñar todo el cableado de los paneles solares fotovoltaicos. Y si desea ahorrar electricidad en la iluminación esterior de su casa puede usar fotovceldas solares para apagar automaticamente las luces cuando llega el día.

El panel fotovoltaico convierte la luz en electricidad

Dentro del grupo de las ventajas y desventajas de la energia solar fotovoltaica, vemos que una de las ventajas es la conversión de los rayos solares en electricidad.

Hemos visto anteriormente que las células fotovoltaicas utilizan la luz para generar electricidad y que hay varios tipos diferentes de tecnologías de células fotovoltaicas disponibles, incluidas las células monocristalinas, policristalinas y de película delgada que pueden utilizarse para producir un panel fotovoltaico .

La energía eléctrica en vatios, generada por estas diferentes células fotovoltaicas cuando se expone a la luz solar directa, es aproximadamente la misma para cada panel y se da como el producto del voltaje multiplicado por la corriente ( P = V x I ).

La cantidad de energía eléctrica generada por una celda fotovoltaica individual en sus terminales de salida depende de la cantidad de radiación solar que llega a su unión PN, así como del porcentaje de radiación solar que realmente convierte en electricidad, en otras palabras, su eficiencia.

Voltaje de la celda solar

Como se puede ver en la Figura , la corriente de salida de un panel solar varía de forma no lineal con el voltaje del panel. En condiciones de cortocircuito, la potencia de salida es cero ya que la tensión de salida es cero.

En condiciones de circuito abierto, la potencia de salida es cero ya que la corriente de salida es cero. La mayoría de los fabricantes de paneles solares especificarán la tensión del panel a la potencia máxima (V MP ).

Esta tensión es típicamente de alrededor del 70 – 80% del voltaje del circuito abierto del panel (V OC ). En la Figura 1, la potencia máxima es de 140 W con V MP ligeramente por debajo de 32 V y I MP por debajo de 4,5 A.

Idealmente, cualquier sistema que use un panel solar operaría ese panel a su máxima potencia de salida. Esto es particularmente cierto en el caso de un cargador de batería con energía solar fotovoltaica, donde el objetivo, supuestamente, es capturar y almacenar tanta energía solar como sea posible en el menor tiempo posible.

Dicho de otra manera, dado que no podemos predecir la disponibilidad o la intensidad de la energía solar, necesitamos aprovechar la mayor cantidad de energía posible mientras haya energía disponible.

Una celda fotovoltaica individual produce un “Voltaje de circuito abierto” ( OC) de aproximadamente 0.5 a 0.6 voltios a 25 o C (típicamente alrededor de 0.58V) sin importar qué tan grandes sean.

Este voltaje de la celda permanece bastante constante siempre que haya suficiente luz de irradiación desde la luz del sol opaca a la brillante. La tensión de circuito abierto significa que la célula PV no está conectada a ninguna carga externa y, por lo tanto, no produce ningún flujo de corriente.

Cuando se conecta a una carga externa, como una luz, el voltaje de salida de la celda individual cae a aproximadamente 0,46 voltios o 460 mV (460 milivoltios) a medida que la corriente eléctrica comienza a fluir, y permanecerá alrededor de este nivel de voltaje independientemente del sol. intensidad.

Esta disminución en el voltaje de salida es causada por la resistencia y las pérdidas de potencia dentro de la estructura de las celdas así como también por los conductores metálicos depositados en la superficie de las celdas.

La temperatura también afecta el voltaje de salida de la energía fotovoltaica. Cuanto más alta es la temperatura, menor es el voltaje de salida de la celda a medida que la celda se degrada en condiciones de calor.

Por lo tanto, a pleno sol, el voltaje de salida se reduce en aproximadamente un 5% por cada 25 ° C de aumento en la temperatura de la celda. Luego, los paneles fotovoltaicos con más celdas solares se recomiendan para climas muy cálidos que los que se utilizarían en los más fríos con el fin de compensar las pérdidas de potencia de salida debido a las altas temperaturas.

APRENDÈ MAS SOBRE LA POTENCIA DE UN PANEL FOTOVOLTAICO

Corriente de celda solar

A diferencia del voltaje de las células fotovoltaicas, la corriente DC de salida ( I), sin embargo, varía en relación directa con la cantidad o intensidad de la luz solar (energía del fotón) que cae sobre la cara de la célula PV. Además, la corriente de salida es directamente proporcional al área de superficie de las celdas, ya que cuanto más grande es la celda, más energía de luz ingresa a la celda.

Entonces, mientras más luz solar ingrese a la celda, más corriente producirá. Las células fotovoltaicas con altas salidas de corriente generalmente son más deseables, pero cuanto mayor sea la salida de corriente, más costará.

LA POTENCIA DE UN PANEL FOTOVOLTAICO

Hemos dicho anteriormente que la potencia de salida de una célula solar fotovoltaica se da en vatios y es igual al producto de voltaje por la corriente ( V x I ) y esto es cierto.

El voltaje operativo óptimo de una celda PV bajo carga es de aproximadamente 0,46 voltios a las temperaturas de funcionamiento normales, generando una corriente a plena luz solar de aproximadamente tres amperios.

Entonces la potencia de salida de una célula solar fotovoltaica típica puede calcularse como: P = V x I = 0,46 x 3 = 1,38 vatios . Ahora bien, esto puede estar bien para alimentar una calculadora, un pequeño cargador solar o una lámpara de jardín, pero este 1,38 vatios no es realmente suficiente energía para hacer ningún trabajo utilizable.

Sin embargo, las células fotovoltaicas solares individuales pueden conectarse eléctricamente juntas en serie (conectadas en cadena) para lograr la tensión deseada a medida que se agregan los voltajes en serie.

O conectados en paralelo (uno al lado del otro) para lograr la corriente deseada a medida que las corrientes paralelas se agregan. Entonces, cualquier combinación de dos o más celdas PV se puede conectar juntas en una combinación en serie y / o en paralelo para proporcionar cualquier voltaje, corriente y salida de potencia deseados que produzcan un panel fotovoltaico.

En el uso práctico, la célula fotovoltaica opera en la parte lineal de su curva característica IV y suministra aproximadamente la misma corriente que en cortocircuito. La potencia suministrada por el panel fotovoltaico a la batería y la carga conectada en paralelo con el panel es: P = V x I .

Por ejemplo, si conectamos juntos en serie, diez celdas fotovoltaicas de 0,46 voltios de nuestro último ejemplo para producir un panel solar fotovoltaico, el nuevo voltaje de salida sería 0,46 x 10 o 4,6 voltios, pero la corriente sigue siendo la misma en 3A (circuito en serie )

Luego, la potencia de salida total también aumentó diez veces hasta alcanzar 13.8 vatios de potencia máxima. Las células solares fotovoltaicas individuales se pueden conectar juntas para producir un “panel solar fotovoltaico” más grande o módulo solar como también se les llama, con potencias de 50 a 200 más vatios pico posible.

En la práctica, para mejorar la eficiencia y la practicidad, se conectan múltiples celdas fotovoltaicas juntas en una combinación en serie y / o en paralelo para producir el voltaje requerido y la salida de potencia máxima.

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