Como generar electricidad solar fotovoltaica

19 3 minutos de lectura

Una de las maneras de obtener electricidad de manera limpia es utilizando la luz solar ,pero como funciona este preceso es decir Como generar electricidad solar fotovoltaica ? Energia solar fotovoltaica daños al medio ambiente,

Como generar electricidad solar fotovoltaica

Las cèlulas solares tambièn llamadas cèlulas fotovoltaicas , convierten la luz solar en electricidad de manera directa

La energía solar fotovoltaica (a menudo acortada como PV) recibe su nombre del proceso de conversión de la luz (fotones) en electricidad (voltaje), que se denomina  efecto fotovoltaico . Este fenómeno fue explotado por primera vez en 1954 por científicos de los Laboratorios Bell que crearon una célula solar en funcionamiento hecha de silicio que generaba una corriente eléctrica cuando se exponía a la luz solar.

Las células solares pronto se utilizaron para alimentar satélites espaciales y artículos más pequeños, como calculadoras y relojes. Hoy en día, la electricidad de las células solares se ha vuelto competitiva en costos en muchas regiones y se están desplegando sistemas fotovoltaicos a gran escala para ayudar a alimentar la red eléctrica.

Como generar energia solar fotovoltaica :  Células solares de silicio

La gran mayoría de las células solares actuales están  hechas de silicio y ofrecen precios razonables y una buena eficiencia (la tasa a la que la célula solar convierte la luz solar en electricidad). Estas celdas generalmente se ensamblan en módulos más grandes que pueden instalarse en los techos de edificios residenciales o comerciales o desplegarse en bastidores montados en el suelo para crear enormes sistemas a escala de servicios públicos.

Células solares de película delgada

Otra tecnología fotovoltaica de uso común se conoce como células solares de película delgada porque están hechas de capas muy delgadas de material semiconductor, como teluro de cadmio o diselenuro de cobre, indio y galio. El grosor de estas capas celulares es de solo unos pocos micrómetros, es decir, varias millonésimas de metro.

Las células solares de película delgada pueden ser flexibles y livianas, lo que las hace ideales para aplicaciones portátiles, como en la mochila de un soldado, o para usar en otros productos como ventanas que generan electricidad del sol. Algunos tipos de células solares de película delgada también se benefician de las técnicas de fabricación que requieren menos energía y son más fáciles de escalar que las técnicas de fabricación requeridas por las células solares de silicio.

III-V células solares

Un tercer tipo de tecnología fotovoltaica que debemos conocer para aprender Como generar energia solar fotovoltaica lleva el nombre de los elementos que las componen. Las células solares III-V se construyen principalmente a partir de elementos del Grupo III, por ejemplo, galio e indio, y del Grupo V, por ejemplo, arsénico y antimonio, de la tabla periódica.

Estas células solares son generalmente mucho más caras de fabricar que otras tecnologías. Pero convierten la luz solar en electricidad con eficiencias mucho más altas. Debido a esto, estas células solares a menudo se usan en satélites, vehículos aéreos no tripulados y otras aplicaciones que requieren una alta relación de potencia a peso.

Células solares de próxima generación

Los investigadores de células solares en NREL y en otros lugares también están buscando muchas nuevas tecnologías fotovoltaicas, como las células solares hechas de materiales orgánicos , puntos cuánticos y materiales híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos (también conocidos como perovskitas).

Estas tecnologías de próxima generación pueden ofrecer menores costos, mayor facilidad de fabricación u otros beneficios. La investigación adicional verá si estas promesas se pueden cumplir.

Investigación de confiabilidad e integración de cuadrícula

La investigación fotovoltaica es más que solo hacer una célula solar de alta eficiencia y bajo costo. Los propietarios de viviendas y las empresas deben confiar en que un panel fotovoltaico que instalen no degradarán su rendimiento y continuarán generando electricidad de manera confiable durante muchos años.

Las empresas de servicios públicos y los reguladores gubernamentales quieren saber cómo agregar sistemas solares fotovoltaicos a la red eléctrica sin desestabilizar el cuidadoso acto de equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de electricidad.

Los científicos de materiales, analistas económicos, ingenieros eléctricos y muchos otros en NREL están trabajando para abordar estas preocupaciones y garantizar que la energía solar fotovoltaica sea una fuente de energía limpia y confiable.

Recursos adicionales

Para obtener más información sobre la energía solar fotovoltaica, visite los siguientes recursos:

Conceptos básicos de tecnología solar fotovoltaica Oficina de Eficiencia Energética y Energía Renovable del Departamento de Energía de EE. UU.

Energy Kids: Solar Photovoltaic
US Energy Information Administration

Ahorro de energía: uso de electricidad solar en el hogar
Departamento de energía de EE. UU.

19 3 minutos de lectura

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