CÓMO ELEGIR LOS PANELES SOLARES PARA UNA CASA
Hay tres cosas principales a considerar para saber cómo elegir los paneles solares para una casa o crear un sistema solar fotovoltaico.
1: ¿Cuánta energía puede almacenar su batería?
2: ¿Cuánta energía consumirá su (s) dispositivo (s) durante un período de tiempo?
3: ¿Cuánta energía puede generar un panel solar durante un período de tiempo?
¿CÓMO ELEGIR LOS PANELES SOLARES PARA UNA CASA?
En primer lugar, para calcular los paneles solares para una casa necesita saber cuánta energía puede almacenar su batería y luego como elegir un panel solar que pueda reponer su «reserva» de energía en la batería de acuerdo con su patrón de uso.
¿Cuánta energía puede almacenar su batería?
La capacidad de la batería se mide en amperios hora (por ejemplo, 17AH).
Debe convertir esto a Watts Hours multiplicando la cifra AH por el voltaje de la batería (por ejemplo, 12V). esto es solo el simple cálculo a continuación
- X (Tamaño de la batería en AH) x Y (Voltaje de la batería) = Z (Potencia disponible en vatios horas)
- Para una batería de 20AH, 12V, la cifra de Watt Hours es 20 (X) x 12 (Y) = 240 WH (Z)
Esto significa que la batería podría suministrar 240W por 1 hora, 120W por 2 horas o incluso 2w por 120 horas, es decir, mientras más energía tome, más rápido se descargará la batería.
Sin embargo, nunca podrá sacar toda la potencia de una batería, ya que una vez que la tensión caiga por debajo de los requisitos de su equipo, ya no podrá alimentarla.
Hay una regla básica para esto, pero por favor verifique las especificaciones de su batería para asegurarse.
- La batería de ácido de plomo le dará alrededor del 50% de su potencia nominal. (es decir, una batería de 10 Ah tiene 5 Ah de potencia utilizable)
- La batería Li-ion te dará alrededor del 80% de su potencia nominal. (es decir, una batería de 10 Ah tiene 8 Ah de potencia utilizable)
Una pregunta común que las personas hacen con respecto a la batería es:
¿La batería del automóvil es igual de buena cómo la batería solar ?
La respuesta a esto es no, no lo son.
La razón es porque una batería solar ha sido diseñada para descargarse y recargarse, una batería de automóvil está diseñada para proporcionar mucha potencia rápidamente pero no es capaz de hacer frente a una baja carga interna y recuperarse por completo.
2-¿Cuánta energía consumen sus dispositivos durante un período de tiempo?
Cómo elegir los paneles solares para una casa es una pregunta que se responde conociendo el consumo de energía de los electrodomésticos generalmente se da en vatios (por ejemplo, un pequeño televisor portátil tiene alrededor de 20W, esta información se puede encontrar en la etiqueta de datos que tienen la mayoría de los artículos eléctricos).
Para calcular la energía que utilizará con el tiempo, simplemente multiplique el consumo de energía por las horas de uso previsto.
El TV de 20W en este ejemplo, encendido durante 2 horas, tomará 20 x 2 = 40WH de la batería.
Repita esto para todos los electrodomésticos que desee utilizar, luego sume los resultados para establecer el consumo total como se muestra a continuación.
TV 20w encendido por 2 horas por día = 40w por día
Radio 10w encendido por 5 horas por día = 50w por día
Bomba de agua (20w) encendida durante 20 minutos por día = 6.66w por día
Luz principal 30w encendido por 3h por día = 90w por día
Luces puntuales 10 w encendidas durante 1 h por día = 10 w por día
Total = 196w por día
Una manera fácil de reducir el consumo de energía es cambiar las luces halógenas por luces LED.
Las luces LED generalmente usan un 80% menos de energía para un nivel de luz similar.
3-¿Cuánta energía puede generar un panel solar durante un cierto tiempo?
La parte final para dimensionar su sistema solar son las placas solares o paneles solares.
La clasificación de la potencia de energía de un panel solar también se da en vatios (por ejemplo, es un panel solar de 10W).
En teoría, para calcular la energía que puede suministrar a la batería, multiplica los vatios (del panel solar) por las horas expuestas a la luz solar.
En la práctica, no es una gran manera de calcular el rendimiento de un panel solar, por lo que trabajamos con unas pocas reglas simples.
· En general, un día medio de invierno en un lugar que solo le dé 1 hora de sol.
· Un promedio de veranos en el mismo lugar le dará 6 horas de sol.
Por lo tanto, en invierno, un panel de 10 vatios proporcionará 10 vatios de energía en la batería. (10w x 1 = 10w)
En verano, un panel de 10w proporcionará 60w de energía en su batería. (10w x 6 = 60w)
El uso del cálculo anterior toma en consideración cualquier pérdida en el sistema del regulador, los cables y la batería que pueda estar utilizando.
4-¿Cómo dimensionamos el sistema juntando estos datos ?
Conocer los requisitos de potencia y la época del año en que desea utilizar el sistema solar es vital este paso para saber cómo elegir los paneles solares para una casa .
Utilizaremos el ejemplo anterior con un requisito de potencia de 196 w por día.
Si estos son los requisitos es para el uso de finales de primavera hasta principios de otoño , podríamos usar esta ecuación
Se requieren vatios / horas de sol = tamaño del panel → 196/6 = panel de 32.6W
Como no se fabrica un panel solar de 32.6 w, le recomendamos que mire un panel solar de 30w o 40w para esta aplicación.
Sin embargo, si esto fuera un requisito de todo el año, es decir, también necesario en invierno, las cifras cambiarían. 1 hora de sol
Se requieren vatios / hora del año horas de sol = tamaño del panel → 196/1 = panel de 196W
Como no se fabrica un panel solar de 196w, le recomendamos mirar dos paneles solares de 100w para esta aplicación.
La pieza final
La pieza final para completar su sistema solar es el controlador de carga o el regulador de carga solar.
Es básicamente lo mismo con un nombre diferente. Esta pieza esencial de su sistema solar controla la Carga que se coloca en su batería, detiene la sobrecarga y evita que el panel solar extraiga energía de la batería durante la noche.
Esperamos que esta Guía lo haya ayudado a comprender el tamaño de una configuración simple de paneles solares.
-Leer mas sobre el funcionamiento de los paneles solares
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